A new device for taking Pap smears 

This instrument is used to view the cervix when taking a Pap smear.

The 4 cm disposable tube at the end of the instrument is placed in the vagina, which is then inflated with low pressure air.

Most women find the device more comfortable than the traditional 'duckbill' speculum. However, the test may cost more and takes a little longer. It is suitable for all women except new mothers, those who are pregnant or have recently miscarried.

Long-acting contraceptive implant 

This is a 4 centimetre, plastic, contraceptive rod containing a progestogen.

It is inserted directly under the skin of the upper, inner arm using a local anaesthetic. The rod is highly effective for 3 years but can be removed earier if desired.

It is a cheap and convenient contraceptive and is suitable for most women. However, it may cause changes to the menstrual cycle and, less commonly, headaches, weight gain and mood changes.

Permanent sterilisation device 

This small device is placed into each fallopian tube with a hysteroscope (a small telescope inserted into the uterus from the vagina). No general anaesthetic is needed and there are no skin cuts or scars.

The device causes permanent blocking of the tubes and irreversible sterilisation. It has no effect on menstrual bleeding.

In a small number of women the inserts cannot be properly fitted or may be incorrectly placed.

Progestogen-containing IUS 

This T-shaped, plastic intrauterine system is inserted into the uterus and gives highly effective, low maintenance contraception for 5 years (but can be taken out earlier).

The stem contains progestogen which is slowly released into the uterus and reduces menstrual bleeding. It is particularly suitable for women with heavy periods.

Side effects may include irregular periods, particularly in the first few months, and a very small risk of infection.